Willis MD, PhD, in Cellular and Molecular Pathobiology of Cardiovascular Disease, 2014 Ventricular FunctionĪlthough ejection fraction (EF) is the most widely used descriptor of cardiac function, EF may overstate cardiac function in the setting of LVH. Dyskinetic segments are not evaluated in these images because negative changes are given a zero value by the functional image program. Defects in the horseshoe or doughnut distribution of the “ejection shell” indicate areas of diminished stroke volume or ejection fraction, as may be found in regional hypokinesis or akinesis. The images frequently resemble a horseshoe or incomplete doughnut because most of the volume and ejection fraction changes occur at the apex, posterior wall, and distal septal walls in this projection. Typically, the ejection fraction and the stroke volume images obtained in the 45-degree left anterior oblique projection are similar. The ejection fraction image is obtained through computer manipulation of the end-systolic and end-diastolic images to provide a static representation of the ejection fraction equation, that is, the stroke volume image divided by the end-diastolic image. Guiberteau MD, FACR, FACNM, in Essentials of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (Seventh Edition), 2019 Ejection Fraction Image This most likely reflects the fact that no geometric assumptions about the LV shape are required.įred A. Studies of 3D echo have shown that it is more accurate and reproducible than 2D echo measures of EF when compared with reference standards. In echocardiograms with sufficiently high-quality imaging, 3D echo-based volume can be used to calculate the EF. ![]() The current recommendation for assessment of the EF is to use the biplane method of disk summation. The left ventricular volume measurements may be obtained from 2D echo or 3D echo, as discussed previously. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 28, 1–39 e14. ![]() Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. A., Kuznetsova, T., Lancellotti, P., Muraru, D., Picard, M. P., Mor-Avi, V., Afilalo, J., Armstrong, A., Ernande, L., Flachskampf, F. LV EF, Left ventricular ejection fraction.Īdapted from Lang, R.
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